Panpsychism stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. We begin with the issue of the ontological status of a concept. 11. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism is the doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe. 3 The panpsychism problem. May 21, 1996 · Recommendable for the more advanced Whitehead student are Ivor Leclerc’s Whitehead’s Metaphysics (1958), Wolfe Mays’ The Philosophy of Whitehead (1959), Donald Sherburne’s A Whiteheadian Aesthetics (1961), Charles Hartshorne’s Whitehead’s Philosophy (1972), Lewis Ford’s The Emergence of Whitehead’s Metaphysics (1984), George Panpsychism appears to avoid both epiphenomenalism and reductionism, though at the cost of rejecting traditional forms of physicalism. Both of the terms that make up the label “neutral monism” are problematical. Although debates concerning the reality or precise nature of emergence are largely driven by contemporary scientific theorizing, the basic notion has quite a long history stretching back at least to Aristotle (384–322 BC). Mar 1, 2024 · 1. Jul 23, 2001 · Hartshorne’s panpsychism (or psychicalism) entails the belief that each active singular in nature, even those like electrons and plant cells that exhibit feeling if Jun 7, 1999 · 1. This article will focus on the core of the panpsychist position, by considering the line of thought that best supports it, and then by briefly considering what may be the clearest and most influential example of panpsychism as presented in the philosophy of Leibniz. Another Presocratic philosopher who has been said to espouse panpsychism for reasons similar in form to those of Thales (that is, via analogy and indeed an analogy with motion production) is Anaximenes (whose dates within the sixth century BCE are uncertain), who identified “air” (or “breath”) with soul or mind, thus making mind ubiquitous. Terminology. What they share is that they attribute oneness. Oct 3, 2017 · Bibliography. Jul 18, 2009 · 1. In philosophy, panpsychism is the view that consciousness, mind, or soul The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Historical Background and Gassendi’s Life. Margaret Lucas was born in 1623 in Colchester, Essex. According to this analysis, justified, true belief is necessary and sufficient for knowledge. Jun 3, 2002 · Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents. Mar 12, 2007 · Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of the themes and concepts involved in religious traditions as well as the broader philosophical task of reflecting on matters of religious significance including the nature of religion itself, alternative concepts of God or ultimate reality, and the religious significance of general features of the cosmos (e. Clear indications of panpsychist doctrines are evident in early Greek thought. 624–545 BCE) deployed an analogical argument for the attribution of mind that tends towards panpsychism. Relations and Panpsychism. Alexander Bain, chapter in Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century, by Robert M. , the laws of nature, the Jun 4, 1996 · 1. Mar 26, 2022 · Few philosophers have been as famous in their own life-time as Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–80). 1 Many monisms. Pantheism and Theism. While early intimations of the view can be found in work by Wiggins (1980) and Wollheim (1984), those primarily responsible for injecting the view into the contemporary debate over personal identity include Ayers (1991), Carter (1989, 1999), Olson (1997), Snowdon (1990 Jan 12, 2005 · Although almost completely unread today, his substantial body of work exemplifies the new academic philosophy (“Kathederphilosophie”) that flourished between the demise of the post-Kantian idealisms and the rise of scientific philosophy proper; he is usually credited with assisting “the rejection of Hegel and Absolute Idealism within the 1. She did not receive a formal education in disciplines such as mathematics, history, philosophy, and the classical languages, but she had access to scholarly libraries and was an avid reader. For example, panpsychism is very old indeed (and not distinctive to the west). The three main options are to identify concepts with mental representations, with abilities, and with abstract objects such as Fregean senses. Illustration of the Neoplatonic concept of the anima mundi emanating from The Absolute, in some ways a precursor to modern panpsychism. Oct 23, 2001 · Bibliography Primary Sources Spinoza’s Work. Apr 22, 2011 · The Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (4 th to 5 th century C. Monisms 1. Although his best-known work today is the utopian text La città del Sole (The City of the Sun), his thought was extremely complex and engaged with all fields of learning. Jun 16, 2006 · Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832–1920) is known to posterity as the “father of experimental psychology” and the founder of the first psychology laboratory (Boring 1950: 317, 322, 344–5), [] whence he exerted enormous influence on the development of psychology as a discipline, especially in the United States. Aug 31, 2005 · Tommaso Campanella (Stilo, 1568–Paris, 1639) was one of the most important philosophers of the late Renaissance. Mental causation—the mind’s causal interaction with the world, and in particular, its influence on behavior—is central to our conception of ourselves as agents. Other than dual-aspect monism, panpsychism has no psychophysically neutral domain of reality characterized by non-product states. One difficulty with this response (Goff 2009, 2017: ch. The view has a long and venerable history in philosophical traditions of both East and West, and has recently enjoyed a revival in analytic philosophy. ) and describes their mutual relation thus: “As the philosophy of nature brings idealism forth out of realism, in that it spiritualizes the laws of nature into laws of intelligence, or adds the formal to the Nov 30, 2004 · A final note in this section refers to the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism, respectively (see Skrbina 2003, Seager 2020, and the entry on panpsychism). Edward Caird, entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Galen Strawson has explored the idea underlying the Both View at considerable depth, though he has presented it as a version of (real) physicalism and panpsychism rather than as a form of neutral monism (see Strawson 1994: 46–7, 55–9, 72–5; Strawson 2006: 187–8, 238ff; Strawson 2016. Curley’s translation is used for the passages quoted here. The thesis is usually intended as a metaphysical thesis, parallel to the thesis attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Thales, that everything is water, or the idealism of the 18th Century philosopher Berkeley, that everything is mental. Preliminaries 1. 560 B. 10. Students of Spinoza in English should be especially attentive to the fact that different translators give widely different translations for Spinoza’s particular affects. For example, I run my fingers over sandpaper, smell a skunk, feel a sharp pain in my finger, seem to see bright purple, become extremely angry. Frederick Ferrier, entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Word ‘Metaphysics’ and the Concept of Metaphysics. Aug 22, 2007 · 1. . Because modern “panentheism” developed under the influence of German Idealism, Whiteheadian process philosophy, and current scientific thought, panentheists employ a variety of terms with meanings that have specialized content. May 23, 2008 · 1. H. Co-Principal Editors: Edward N. Oct 4, 2021 · 1. Life and Works. 1 Russellian Monism in the Seventeenth through Nineteenth Centuries. Chalmers defines constitutive panpsychism as the view that macro-level consciousness is constituted of micro-level consciousness, but this rules out cosmopsychism (discussed below) as a form of constitutive panpsychism. Feb 13, 2001 · Physicalism is, in slogan form, the thesis that everything is physical. According to Diogenes Laertius (see the article on Doxography of Ancient Philosophy) (Diels-Kranz [DK] 59 A1), Anaxagoras came from an aristocratic and landed family, but abandoned his inheritance to study philosophy. 2. His writings range over philosophical logic, the philosophy of language, metaphysics, epistemology and the history of philosophy. 51, §252]), and hence the universe of which they were the Jan 10, 2022 · Spinoza’s epistemology and philosophy of mind are governed by some rather unintuitive commitments: first, a commitment to universal intelligibility, often described as Spinoza’s version of what, with Leibniz, came to be known as the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR); second, a commitment to the explanatory closure of the mental and the physical; third, a commitment to the explanatory Apr 7, 2014 · 1. Young. Aug 30, 2015 · He thinks of these transcendental idealistic demonstrations as a necessary complement to his philosophy of nature (cf. There are three components to the traditional (“tripartite”) analysis of knowledge. Panpsychism is the view that all things have a mind or a mind-like quality. Oct 16, 2009 · 1. May 9, 1996 · F. Pantheism in religion, literature, and philosophy. In the philosophy of mind, panpsychism (/ p æ n ˈ s aɪ k ɪ z əm /) is the view that the mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. May 23, 2001 · 1. What seems difficult to make sense of in the subject-summing problem is certain conscious subjects coming together to constitute a new subject. B. Sep 8, 2003 · Zombies in philosophy are imaginary creatures designed to illuminate problems about consciousness and its relation to the physical world. [1] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy organizes scholars from around the world in philosophy and related disciplines to create and maintain an up-to-date reference work. are uncertain), who in some way identified “air” (or “breath”) with soul or mind, thus May 13, 2003 · The mereological status of these relations, however, is controversial. Jan 29, 2002 · William Hamilton, entry in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Behavior is caused by muscles that contract upon receiving neural impulses, and neural impulses are generated by input from other neurons or from sense organs. In this entry, we focus on panpsychism as it has been discussed and developed in Western philosophy. Where they differ is in what they attribute oneness to (the target), and how they count (the unit). Nakamura (1983: 48–88) argues for an earlier date of 700–750 CE, and discusses the various dating theories at length. Life. The “neuroscientific milieu” of the past half-century has made it harder for philosophers to adopt substantive dualisms about mind. Many thousands of Parisians packed into his public lecture, Existentialism is a Humanism, towards the end of 1945 and the culmination of World War 2. Tylor, animists believe in the “animation of all nature”, and are characterized as having “a sense of spiritual beings…inhabiting trees and rocks and waterfalls”. According to an oft-quoted definition from the Victorian anthropologist E. Jan 18, 1999 · Epiphenomenalism is the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance. Wiggins 1980, Rea 1995, Baker 1997, Evnine 2011) or else as Oct 4, 2021 · 1. 1 The Importance of Mental Causation. Deleuze was born in Paris to conservative, middle-class parents, who sent him to public schools for his elementary education; except for one year of school in Normandy during the Occupation, he lived in the same section of Paris his entire life. are uncertain), who in some way identified “air” (or “breath”) with soul or mind, thus Dec 18, 2003 · 1. Unlike the ones in films or witchcraft, they are exactly like us in all physical respects but without conscious experiences: by definition there is ‘nothing it is like’ to be a zombie. Peter Ells - 2011 - John Hunt Publishing. The definition of panpsychism in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (Audi 1995: 555)—“the doctrine that the physical world is pervasively psychical, sentient or conscious”—does not apply to Fechner, who did not extend the realm of the psychic to the inorganic. ) was a great light at the peak of India’s resplendent Gupta empire. Oct 15, 2012 · 1. Another Presocratic philosopher who has been said to espouse panpsychism for reasons similar in form to those of Thales (that is, via analogy and indeed an analogy with motion production) is Anaximenes (whose dates within the sixth century B. Animism is a religious and ontological perspective common to many indigenous cultures across the globe. are uncertain), who in some way identified “air” (or “breath”) with soul or mind, thus Another Presocratic philosopher who has been said to espouse panpsychism for reasons similar in form to those of Thales (that is, via analogy and indeed an analogy with motion production) is Anaximenes (whose dates within the sixth century B. –––, 2004. Nov 7, 2005 · 1. C. Rowe (also an atheist) writes, “Atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. It proposes positive disbelief rather than mere suspension of belief” (2000: 62). Zalta and Uri Nodelman Feb 3, 2005 · 1. For example, in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, William L. Aug 6, 2010 · In his influential writings on these matters William James argued that to make sense of our temporal experience we need to distinguish the strict or mathematical present from the experiential or specious present: whereas the first is indeed durationless, the second is experienced as possessing a brief duration, sufficient to accommodate the change and persistence we find in our immediate This latter form of the ignorance response can be seen as a kind of hybrid of panpsychism and mysterianism (discussed in the Panpsychism Versus Panprotopsychism section). Shatz (trans. Arguments for panpsychism. The first argument for panpsychism is that it can ground the best account of how something so apparently novel as consciousness could have arisen within a physical world whose development has otherwise been simply a re-arrangement of the homogeneous. Jan 11, 2000 · Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Macedon, in what is now northern Greece, but spent most of his adult life in Athens. The mental lives of protozoa was apparently a lively topic at the time. g. Jun 18, 2004 · Panpsychism might be regarded as a fourth type of property dualism in that it regards all the constituents of reality as having some psychic, or at least proto-psychic, properties distinct from whatever physical properties they may have (Nagel 1979). Mar 19, 2007 · 1. E. Sep 10, 2007 · 1. Historically, neuroscientific discoveries exerted little influence on the details of materialist philosophies of mind. Panpsychism is the doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe. Zalta (ed. Anaxagoras, son of Hegesibulus (or Eubulus), was a native of Clazomenae, on the west coast of what is now Turkey. Early scholars placed him from 788–820 CE. Because the questions to which the notion of neutrality gives rise are unique to neutral monism, they need to be addressed first. [] His works display his mastery of Buddhist as well as non-Buddhist thought of the day, and he made his mark, successively, upon three Buddhist scholastic traditions that are traditionally considered distinct: Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, and Yogācāra. Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. (1) Many of the world’s religious traditions and spiritual writings are marked by pantheistic ideas and feelings. Siderits, M. May 30, 2018 · Bruno recognized that his position conflicted with Christian truth. Panpsychism is the thesis that physical nature is composed of individuals each of which is to some degree sentient. Oct 1, 2012 · 1. Bradley (1846–1924) was the most famous, original and philosophically influential of the British Idealists. His life in Athens divides into two periods, first as a member of Plato’s Academy (367–347) and later as director of his own school, the Lyceum (334–323). Oct 28, 2022 · Elements of panpsychism can already be found in the works of early Greek philosophers (Skrbina 2005). panpsychism, (from Greek pan, “all”; psychē, “soul”), a philosophical theory asserting that a plurality of separate and distinct psychic beings or minds constitute reality. Introduction. It denied that God had created the universe in time ex nihilo by supernatural fiat. There are several different dates ascribed to Śaṅkara. Beginning with Thales’ sentences quoted by Aristotle, “all things are full of gods” (De anima, 411a19) and “the lodestone has a soul because it moves iron” (De anima, 411a19), certain panpsychic thoughts emerge in a number of pre-socratics, such as Empedocles, who states that “the Aug 10, 2020 · 1. Life and Work. It is somewhat akin to hylozoism, but in place of the thesis of the pervasiveness of life in nature substitutes the pervasiveness of sentience, experience or, in a broad sense, consciousness. and Zoé Samudzi, 2017, “The Anarchism of Blackness” at The Anarchist Library [Anderson and Samudzi 2017 available online]; Bakunin, Mikhail, 1873 [1990], Statism and Anarchy (Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhii͡a), Marshall S. Neutral Monism 1. Jul 3, 2019 · 2. Dec 4, 2008 · 1. The word itself was coined by the Italian philosopher Francesco Patrizi in the sixteenth century, and derives from the two Greek words pan (all) and psyche (soul or mind). Despite its Aristotelian heritage, animalism is a relative newcomer to the personal identity debate. Feb 13, 2001 · This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In the Western tradition it is the Greek theoretician Heraclitus of Ephesus (born ca. In a standard form of the view, the fundamental constituents of the physical world – perhaps electrons and quarks – have incredibly basic forms of conscious experience, and the consciousness of a human or animal brain is derived from the consciousness of its most basic parts. There are many monisms. The ontology of concepts. D. , 2002, Philosophy of Mind: Contemporary and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2022) Panpsychism: The Philosophy of the Sensuous Cosmos. One could find views that resemble Russellian monism in certain respects throughout the history of philosophy. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies. Animism. ). This latter form of the ignorance response can be seen as a kind of hybrid of panpsychism and mysterianism (discussed in the Panpsychism Versus Panprotopsychism section). The Universal Soul/Intellect and Universal Matter of his philosophy, as explications of God, were eternal, feign though he might otherwise before his inquisitors (Firpo 2000, 381 [doc. 1. The word ‘metaphysics’ is notoriously hard to define. SW III, 331 f. One of the first Presocratic philosophers of ancient Greece, Thales (c. [] Dec 3, 2009 · Ālayavijñāna: On the Origin and the Early Development of a Central Concept of Yogācāra Philosophy, 2 vol. Russellian Monism in the History of Western Philosophy 2. James Ward was born in Hull, Yorkshire, on 27th January 1843, as a son of James Ward, senior, a merchant with some scientific and philosophical ambition (in a book entitled God, Man and the Bible, he tried to give a scientific explanation of the Flood). Unsurprisingly, each of the key terms, “mind”, “fundamental” and “throughout the universe” is subject to a variety of interpretations by panpsychists, leading to a range of possible philosophical positions. ) Jun 30, 2003 · In addition, later Greek historians of philosophy tell us that Plotinus’ teacher, Ammonius Saccas, was among those Platonists who assumed that in some sense Aristotle’s philosophy was in harmony with Platonism. Panpsychism. Jan 12, 2020 · Fechner’s philosophy is characterized by a clash between his metaphysical interests and his positivist proclivities. His metaphysical interests led him toward panpsychism: the doctrine that the universe is created and governed by mind or the soul; his positivist leanings led him to uphold an early version of verificationism and phenomenalism. Formulating Animalism. Knowledge as Justified True Belief. Born in 1592 to a family of commoners in the tranquil Haute-Provence town of Champtercier, Pierre Gassendi rose to become the greatest Provençal scholar of his day, a member of the preeminent French intellectual group of his times—the Mersenne circle—and professor of mathematics at the College Royal. Twentieth-century coinages like ‘meta-language’ and ‘metaphilosophy’ encourage the impression that metaphysics is a study that somehow “goes beyond” physics, a study devoted to matters that transcend the mundane concerns of Newton and Einstein and Heisenberg. Jul 29, 2004 · Process theism typically refers to a family of theological ideas originating in, inspired by, or in agreement with the metaphysical orientation of the English philosopher-mathematician Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947) and the American philosopher-ornithologist Charles Hartshorne (1897–2000). Historical contributions. Aug 2, 2017 · This definition is also found in multiple encyclopedias and dictionaries of philosophy. Anderson, William C. Personal Identity and Buddhist Philosophy, Aldershot: Ashgate. There are several different ways to think about pantheism. Where pantheism is considered as an alternative to theism it involves a denial of at least one, and usually both, central theistic claims. Introduction and Biography. These philosophers came to prominence in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, but their effect on British philosophy and society at large — and, through the positions of power attained by some of their pupils in the institutions of the British Empire, on much of the Feb 6, 2001 · 1. 7) is it threatens to undermine at least one motivation for panpsychism. ), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This harmony did not preclude disagreements between Aristotle and Plato. “Perceiving Particulars: A Buddhist Defense,” Philosophy East and West, 54: 367 Another Presocratic philosopher who has been said to espouse panpsychism for reasons similar in form to those of Thales (that is, via analogy and indeed an analogy with motion production) is Anaximenes (whose dates within the sixth century B. May 31, 2005 · 1. Aug 20, 1997 · Feelings and experiences vary widely. Panpsychism is the view that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the natural world. Sep 16, 2009 · Peter Frederick Strawson (1919–2006) was an important and influential philosopher of the late twentieth century. For instance, although the constitution relation exemplified in (9) was included by Aristotle in his threefold taxonomy of parthood (Metaphysics, Δ, 1023b), many contemporary authors would rather construe it as a sui generis, non-mereological relation (see e. PANPSYCHISM "Panpsychism" is the theory according to which all objects in the universe, not only human beings and animals but also plants and even objects we usually classify as "inanimate," have an "inner" or "psychological" being. May 23, 2001 · Panpsychism is the view that mentality is fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world. Constitutive panpsychists need to make sense of this, as they hold that facts about human and animal subjects are constituted of facts about more fundamental kinds of subject. The history of process philosophy extends far into antiquity, both in Eastern and Western thought. Panpsychism in the History of Western Philosophy. ) who is commonly recognized as the founder of the process approach. Before and After Neurophilosophy. 2003. 1 Neutrality. Panpsychism is distinguished from hylozoism (all matter is living) and pantheism (everything is God). Theism is the belief in a "personal" God which in some sense is separate from (transcends) the world. Panpsychism in the History of Western Philosophy Clear indications of panpsychist doctrines are evident in early Greek thought. nhtdwekdfkrkvjroqiarwtqtrncqqtpjqrfkvrnmls